A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Manuscripts of 1861-63)
Preface to Marx-Engels Collected Works Volume (33)
Capital and Profit
1) Surplus Value and Profit
2) Profit always expresses Surplus Value too Small
3) The Ratio is Altered Numerically and in Form
4) The Same Surplus Value may be expressed in very different Rates of Profit; the Same Rate of Profit may express very Different Surplus Values
5) Relation of Surplus Value and Profit = Relation of Variable Capital to Total Capital
6) Costs of Production
7) General Law of the Fall in the Rate of Profit with the Progress of Capitalist Production
Miscellanea
Mercantile Capital
Theories of Surplus Value
XXI. Opposition to the Economists (Based on the Ricardian Theory)
1. [The Pamphlet] "The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties"
[a) Profit, Rent and Interest Regarded as Surplus Labour of the Workers. The Interrelation Between the Accumulation of Capital and the so-called "Labour Fund"]
[b) On the Exchange Between Capital and Revenue in the Case of Simple Reproduction and of the Accumulation of Capital]
[c) The Merits of the Author of the pamphlet and the Theoretical Confusion of His Views. The Importance of the Questions He Raises about the Role of Foreign Trade in Capitalist society and of "Free Time" as Real Wealth]
2. Ravenstone. [The View of Capital as the Surplus Product of the Worker. Confusion of the Antagonistic Form of Capitalist Development with Its Content. This Leads to a Negative Attitude Towards the Results of the Capitalist Development of the Productive Forces]
3. Hodgskin
[a) The Thesis of the Unproductiveness of Capital as a Necessary Conclusion from Ricardo's Theory]
[b) Polemic against the Ricardian Definition of Capital as Accumulated Labour. The Concept of Coexisting Labour. Underestimation of the Importance of Materialised Past Labour. Available Wealth in Relation to the Movement of Production]
[c)] So-called Accumulation as a Mere Phenomenon of Circulation. (Stock, etc.—Circulation Reservoirs)
[d) Hodgskin's Polemic Against the conception that the Capitalists "store Up" Means of Subsistence for the Workers. His Failure to Understand the Real causes of the Fetishism of Capital]
[e)] Compound Interest: Fall in the Rate of Profit Based on This
[f) Hodgskin on the Social Character of Labour and on the Relation of Capital to Labour]
[g) Hodgskin's Basic Propositions as Formulated in His Book—"Popular Political Economy"]
[h) Hodgskin on the Power of Capital and on the Upheaval in the Right of Property]
[4.] Bray as an Opponent of the Economists
XXII. Ramsay
[1. The Attempt to Distinguish Between Constant and Variable Capital. The View that Capital Is Not an Essential Social Form]
[2. Ramsay's Views on Surplus-Value and on Value. Reduction of Surplus-Value to Profit. The Influence Which Changes in the Value of Constant and Variable Capital Exert on the Rate and Amount of Profit]
[3. Ramsay on the Division of "Gross Profit" into "Net Profit" (Interest) and "Profit of Enterprise". Apologetic Elements in His Views on the "Labour of superintendence", "Insurance Covering the Risk Involved" and "Excess Profit"]
XXIII. Cherbuliez
[1. Distinction Between Two Parts of Capital—the Part Consisting of Machinery and Raw Materials and the Part Consisting of "Means of Subsistence" for the Workers]
[2. On the Progressive Decline in the Number of Workers in Relation to the Amount of Constant Capital]
[3. Cherbuliez's Inkling that the Organic Composition of Capital Is Decisive for the Rate of Profit. His Confusion on This Question. Cherbuliez on the "Law of Appropriation" in Capitalist Economy]
[4. On Accumulation as Extended Reproduction]
[5. Elements of Sismondism in Cherbuliez. On the Organic Composition of Capital Fixed and Circulating Capital]
[6. Cherbuliez Eclectically Combines Mutually Exclusive Propositions of Ricardo and Sismondi]
XXIV. Richard Jones
1. Reverend Richard Jones, "An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth, and on the Sources of Taxation," London, 1831, Part I, Rent [Elements of a Historical Interpretation of Rent. Jones's Superiority over Ricardo in particular Questions of the Theory of Rent and His Mistakes in This Field]
2. Richard Jones, "An Introductory Lecture on Political Economy etc." [The Concept of the "Economical Structure of Nations". Jones's Confusion with regard to the "Labor Fund"]
3. Richard Jones, "Text-book of Lectures on the Political Economy of Nations", Hertford, 1852
[a) Jones's Views Of Capital and the Problem of Productive and Unproductive Labour]
[b) Jones on the Influence Which the Capitalist Mode of Production Exerts on the Development of the Productive Forces. Concerning the Conditions for the Applicability of Additional Fixed Capital]
[c) Jones on Accumulation and Rate of Profit. On the Source of Surplus-value]
3) Relative Surplus Value (continued)
γ) Machinery. Utilisation of the Forces of Nature and of Science (Steam, Electricity, Mechanical and Chemical Agencies)
Continuation, January 1863
Division of Labour and Mechanical Workshop. Tool and Machinery
Division of Labour and Mechanical Workshop. Continued. The Productivity of Labour.
Replacement of Labour by Machinery
Accumulation